Warming Measures

Intraoperative hypothermia can be prevented. Perioperative personnel can use both active and passive measures to maintain or achieve normothermia.


Active Warming Measures
  1. Application of external heating sources to the skin and peripheral tissues.
  2. The heating sources should be applied preoperatively and maintained throughout the procedure.

Alexander’s Care of the Patient in Surgery 16th ed. Fig. 10.5 Pg. 268


Forced Air Warming

Forced Air Warming

Circulated Water Pad and Conductive Heating Pad

Warmed IV/Warmed irrigation fluids

Warmed anesthesia gases (humidification system)


Passive Warming Measures

These are measures that use the patient’s own heat including:

(ORNAC, 2021)